After the first year of life, true undescent occurs in about 0.7% of boys. The testis determining factor once thought to be the HY antigen is now known to be SRY, or the sixth determining region of the Y chromosome. A recent study suggests that the number of boys with cryptorchidism may be increasing. Retractile […]
Hypospadias
Hypospadias is a congenital disorder wherein the urethral meatus fails to open at the tip of the glans penis and may appear anywhere between the ventral glans and the perineum. In general, hypospadias repair requires refined surgical and plastic surgical skills. Generally, these patients are best handled by those pediatric urologists experienced in this field […]
Posterior Urethral Valves
Congenital membranes obstructing the posterior urethra are called posterior urethral valves. Three types have been classified: Type 1. Valves representing folds extending inferiorly from the veru to the membranous urethra. Type 2. Valves as leaflets radiating from the veru proximally to the bladder neck. Type 3. Valves as concentric diaphragms within the prostatic urethra, either […]
Urachal Anomalies And Related Umbilical Disorders
Controversy still exists over the exact contributions of the allantois and the ventral cloaca to urachal formation. Four anatomic urachal variants have been described, depending on the degree of urachal tubularization and the status of associated umbilical vessels. 1. Patent Urachus Failure of complete urachal lumen closure results in free communication between the bladder and […]
Antenatal Diagnosis and Managing Urologic Abnormalities
Many urologic abnormalities are picked up on routine maternal sonography. However, the cause of the anomaly is usually not identified accurately. EMBRYOLOGY Active urine production of adequate volume with sodium reabsorption begins sometime between the 12th and 15th week of gestation. By this time, the ureteral branching, bladder formation and urethral tubularization, including penile development, […]
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