One-third to one-half of the patients who present with upper tract carcinoma are at risk for developing a bladder cancer, thus the need for continued cystoscopic surveillance in patients who have had treatment for an upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Predisposing Conditions and Prevention As with transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, smoking and exposure […]
Urologic Oncology
Bladder Cancer and Urological Oncology Prevention Treatment Renal Pelvic and Ureteral Cancers Prevention Treatment Kidney cancers Adenocarcinoma of the kidney Prevention Treatment Metastatic renal cell cancer Prostate cancer Prevention Treatment Testis cancer Seminomatous tumors Non-seminomatous tumors
Pediatric Stone Disease
Stone disease in children, or renal colic, is much more common than pediatricians think. INCIDENCE The exact incidence is unknown. There is probably no sex difference. CLINICAL PRESENTATION The most important factor in the diagnosis of stone disease in children is to consider it in the differential diagnosis. Many of these children will complain of […]
Non Calcium Stones
About 10% of stones are radiolucent or relatively so, making it difficult to see them on a plain x-ray. 1. Uric acid. Uric acid comprises about 5% of all urinary calculi. Predisposing conditions may be gout, multiple myeloma and those undergoing treatment for leukemias with cytotoxic drugs where there is a breakdown of nucleic acids. […]
Calcium Stones
About 85% of all stones contain calcium. Prevention of stone formation may be entertained when one understands the factors that may play a part in stone formation: Stone Belt People in warm climates may be prone to dehydration, resulting in increased crystalluria. Hot climates may also expose people to ultraviolet radiation, increasing Vitamin D3 production. […]
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