Most patients will have a further stone episode within 10 years. After the stone has been analyzed and the patient is asymptomatic, and provided that no other significant risk factors have been identified, most patients are advised regarding adequate fluid intake and dietary moderation. Reduced salt and red meat intake as well as taking at […]

Calcium Stones – medical treatments and the prevention of calcium stone disease: Calcium stone components Classification and medical treatment of calcium stone disease Non-Calcium Stones – prevention of stone disease Treatment of symptomatic stones Conservative Surgical

This is a connection established between the bladder and the vagina so that the patient presents with urinary incontinence. This is an injury, often secondary to an obstetric manipulation, gynecologic surgery, radiation or invasive cancer of the cervix. Patients will present with constant leakage of urine. DIAGNOSIS Cystoscopy usually reveals the fistulous opening between the […]

A urethral diverticulum is a pouch in the floor of the urethra that may lead to infections, urinary incontinence or discomfort during intercourse. In women, most are in the distal 2/3 of the urethra. About 10% of them may have a small stone in them, and rarely a cancer may develop within the diverticulum. Most […]

This is a raspberry-like benign lesion involving the posterior lip of the urethral opening and usually presents after menopause. Symptoms Symptoms include pain on urination, urethral bleeding or spotting and possible discomfort during intercourse. Treatment Local excision is indicated if these symptoms are bothersome. Excision is especially important if there is possible concern for the […]